New question in “Ask the Experts”: Design length of transition tubes
The question is: Are there any rules of thumb for the design length of transition tubes in order to prevent condensation at the room temperature end?
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Rules of thumb for the design length of transition tubes
Are there any rules of thumb for the design length of transition tubes in order to prevent condensation at the room temperature end? By “transition tube,” I mean some standard size (O.D. and wall thickness) type 304 stainless steel tube with either 4 K or 80 K at one end...
Cuprate superconductors defy convention
To engineers, it’s a tale as old as time: Electrical current is carried through materials by flowing electrons. But physicists at the University of Illinois and the University of Pennsylvania found that for copper-containing superconductors, known as cuprates, electrons are not enough to carry the current.
Assessment of the Storage of Crude Helium in Reserves in Europe or Elsewhere
The following paper entitled, “Assessment of the storage of crude helium in reserves in Europe or elsewhere,” by Ralph Scurlock and Richard Clarke, was presented at the Cryogenics Conference in Dresden in September 2012. The full text of the paper appears below; download the presentation slides.
The Future of Helium? A paper presented at the Cryogenics conference in Dresden
The following paper entitled, "The Future of Helium? A global agency to oversee production, storage, supply and use of helium gas and liquid," by Ralph Scurlock and Richard Clarke, was presented at the Cryogenics Conference in Dresden in September 2012. The full text of the paper appears below.
BNSF to test liquefied natural gas in road locomotives
BNSF will begin testing a small number of locomotives using liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an alternative fuel later this year, BNSF chairman and CEO Matthew K. Rose announced at the CERAWeek conference on March 6.
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Dewar
A dewar is a type of cryostat named after Sir James Dewar, the researcher who first developed the concept of a vacuum insulated container with silvered walls to reflect thermal radiation. Dewar was the first to liquefy hydrogen, and he created the device to store his discovery. The thermos bottle...
Stirling and Gifford-McMahon Cryocoolers
Stirling and Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocoolers are two of the most commonly used cryocoolers in cryogenics. Both devices have a significant industrial base and operate at a wide range of temperatures and capacities. The thermodynamic cycles for both of these cryocoolers are quite similar. The Stirling cycle consists of a compressor,...
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
A significant commercial application of cryogenics is the liquefaction, transport and storage of natural gas. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is generally 95 percent methane with a few percent ethane and much lower concentrations of propane and butane. LNG liquefies at 111.6 K. Unlike many applications of cryogenics, the motivation for...
History of Cryogenics
From the Fall 1999 issue of Cold Facts magazine Millennium Breakthroughs A variety of CSA members give different perspectives on the past millennium: What were the most significant breakthroughs in cryogenics during the past millennium? Prof. R.G. Scurlock, Kryos Technology, scurlock@soton.ac.uk (“Breakthrough” = way through obstacles — Oxford English Dictionary)...
Cryobiology
Andreas Sputtek Past President Society for Cryobiology sputtek@uke.uni-hamburg.de or http://www.sputtek.de/. The word cryobiology (from the Greek words “cryo” = cold, “bios” = life, and “logos” = science) literally signifies the science of life at low temperatures. In practice, this field comprises the study of any biological material or system (e.g.,...
Cryogenic Insulation
James E. Fesmire Cryogenics Test Laboratory NASA Kennedy Space Center james.e.fesmire@nasa.gov Introduction In today’s world, the use of cryogenics and low-temperature refrigeration is taking a more and more significant role. From the food industry, transportation, energy, and medical applications to the Space Shuttle, cryogenic liquids must be stored, handled, and...
Cryogenic Treatment of Materials
F.J. Diekman Controlled Thermal Processing, Inc. info@metal-wear.com Cryogenic Processing (also called cryogenic treatment, and incorrectly “cryogenic tempering”) is a process that uses cryogenic temperatures to modify materials to enhance their performance. Cryogenic Processing involves the slow reduction in temperature of the material to at least -300°F (-185°C) and holding the...
What is the temperature range of cryogenics?
Could you please tell me what is the temperature range of cryogenics? In other words, is -100°F considered cryogenic, or does it start lower? Could I expect to see some extended life in D2 stamping dies? What would the recipe be to achieve the desired results using cryogenics?
Any suggestions for a company producing "secured" heat exchangers?
I am looking for a company producing “secured” heat exchangers to work at a minimum temperature of -45 C on a cooling system for electronics.
Cryogenic properties of Gallium and Tin?
Any suggestions where to find cryogenic properties of non-lead solder materials like Gallium and Tin?