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Continuous Cryogenic Pellet Injection System Developed for Tokamak Fueling

A continuous cryogenic pellet injection system for tokamak fueling has been developed by a joint research team from the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It overcame technical challenges related to cryogenic ice formation, pellet cutting and pellet launching. Cryogenic pellet injection is a cutting-edge technique...

Web Industries to Showcase Precision-Formatting Solutions at JEC World 2025

Aerospace structures, parts, and components Satellite, spacecraft, and launch cryogenic multi-layer insulation (MLI) Urban mobility and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft Wind turbine blades Oil, gas, and hydrogen/carbon capture pipes Battery energy storage systems (BESS) The company’s contract services include high-speed slitting, rewinding, spooling, chopping, seaming, and laminating,...

Incoming CERN Director-General Mark Thomson Outlines His Future Priorities

CSA April Newsletter SponsorHigh-performance, highly reliable, long-lasting storage tanks for transporting hydrogen & helium molecules around the globe.https://www.gardnercryo.com [Contact Jamie Luedtke for Newsletter Sponsorship] Home About Membership Login Calendar Cold Facts Buyer’s Guide News Publications Cryo Careers Resources Donate Join now Log in Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. Twitter Facebook...

Historic Visit to CERN

Strong Hints of a Bose Metal

Source: Applied Physics Image: An enigmatic and anomalous metallic state turns out to be intrinsic rather than a consequence of crystalline defects. Credit: Applied Physics References Y. Du et al., “Unveiling resilient superconducting fluctuations in atomically thin NbSe2 through Higgs mode spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 066002 (2025)

Sonatrach and Coolergy in Talks to Produce Blue LH2 for Global Supply

Sonatrach, Algeria’s state-owned oil and gas leader, is making strides in the renewable energy sector through a promising discussion with Coolergy S.L., a Spanish engineering company specializing in liquid hydrogen solutions. The meeting, involving Sonatrach’s director for green and renewable energy, Youcef Khanafar, and Coolergy’s CEO, Kirill Lyats, was held...

Latest in Defining Cryogenics

Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigeration

Reaching temperatures below 1K requires different techniques than the various helium gas cycles found in large scale refrigeration plants and small cryocoolers. One of these techniques is Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigeration (ADR). This technique takes advantage of the fact that the entropy of paramagnetic materials in a magnetic field is lower than...

Cryogen-Free

A cryogen is any fluid that operates at cryogenic temperatures (below roughly 150K – 120K). Using this definition, helium gas at 40K is a cryogen. Another more restrictive definition is to use cryogen to refer specifically to liquids at cryogenic temperatures. This is generally how it is used in the...

Cryostats and Cryocoolers

A cryostat is any device designed to maintain things (including fluids) at cryogenic temperatures. In general usage, cryostats tend to be passive devices rather than providing active cooling. In this usage, cryostats keep things cold by thermally isolating them from room temperature. This generally is accomplished by a combination of...

Latest in Cryo Central

Primary Standards

Elie K. Track Hypres, Inc. elie@hypres.com http://www.hypres.com/ Primary standards involve the exact definition and realization of units of measurement for various quantities, time, length, mass, voltage, resistance, current, etc. International agreements based on the latest scientific knowledge define those units, and their realizations vary depending on the unit itself. For...

Shrink Fitting

Robin A. Rhodes Cryogenic Institute of New England, Inc. rrhodes@nitrofreeze.com Shrink fitting, (or “compression fitting” as it is sometimes called), is a method used to insert a pin or bushing into a housing or other assembly requiring an extremely tight tolerance fit. It can be used as an alternative to...

Telecommunications

From the Winter 2004 issue of Cold Facts magazine The recent M-Calc IV — 4th Industry Assessment workshop discussing military and commercial applications for low-cost cryocoolers, held in November in San Diego, highlighted progress being made in cryogenics as applied in telecommunications. The reliability and long lifetime of projects now...

Wind Tunnels

Dr. Robert Kilgore The development of the cryogenic wind tunnel is one of many significant breakthroughs in both cryogenics and wind-tunnel technology made during the past millennium. Interest in the development of high-speed commercial and military aircraft resulted in a review of problems of flow simulation in transonic wind tunnels...

Latest in Ask the Experts

An Issue of Pressure and Flow Rate in a Supply Tank

Please help solve this problem: A supply tank requires a vaporizer to generate sufficient pressure to pump stored fluid up into a vehicle or tank. The available head is limited as the tank level falls and it is important to minimize the system pressure drop to maintain the desired flow...

Using MLI on VJ Line Joints or Cryo Storage Tanks

When installing Multi Layer Insulation (MLI) blankets on VJ line joints or cryo storage tanks should they be wrapped and tied down tight or loose? These are usually pre-cut to size. Also should they have an access hole at the point of where the molecular sieve is installed to help...

Separated layers of ice over a pipe

I want to know that why there are different layers of ice over a pipe carrying a cryogenic fluid, each layer separated with clear marks / lines? What do these layers signify?

Using nitrogen as a cryogen

Is it possible to achieve -200˚C using nitrogen as a cryogen?

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