Cold Facts Digital – The go-to place for Cryogenics and Superconductivity

Once complete, ITER will run fusion experiments using five times as much plasma as the largest reactors in operation today.

5,500 Superconducting Wires Survive Intense Testing for World’s Largest Fusion Reactor

By Gayoung Lee Stakeholders around the world are vying to realize nuclear fusion—a fossil fuel alternative that promises maximum energy generation with minimal environmental risk. Behind the efforts to build the world’s largest fusion reactor is an equally gigantic global collaboration: ITER, which has just announced a major advance in its quest...

The Future Is Frozen: How Cryogenics Is Redefining Food Innovation

By Douglas Hoon By Douglas Hoon, CTO and Co-Founder, Cometeer, Inc Key takeaways: Once relegated to the cold backrooms of industrial storage, cryogenics is now stepping into the spotlight as one of the most promising frontiers in food innovation. Long seen as a basic preservation tool, freezing is being reimagined—not...

Curved SC magnets. Center: NIMMS gantry. Right: SC gantry with 360° rotation. Credit: Authors

50 Years of Cryogenic Magnet Technology in Biomedical Study and Use

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Recertification and retesting performed across trusted valve brands in the industry. Credit: Ratermann Manufacturing

Ratermann Keeps Valves and Industry Confidence Flowing

By Jocelyn Navarro, Ratermann Manufacturing For companies working with cryogenic and industrial gas systems, valve failure isn’t just a maintenance issue; it’s a safety risk. Pressure relief valves must operate with precision under intense thermal and mechanical stress. That’s why Ratermann Manufacturing has made valve recertification a central part of...

Infinite Helium flow path and heat diagram. Credit: Lake Shore Cryotronics

Lake Shore Reduces Helium Costs to Maximize Research Efficiency

By Rachael Floyd, Director of Product Management for Cryogenic Systems, Lake Shore Cryotronics The Rising Price of Helium Helium is a nonrenewable resource that is increasingly difficult to obtain reliably. Once released into the atmosphere, it is irretrievable. Limited availability and few sources of production are driving helium prices upward....

Fabrum’s patented pulse tube cryocooler. Credit: Olivia Ross

Fabrum Pioneers the Future of Clean Energy

By Fabrum Communications Team In a world increasingly focused on the pathway to decarbonization, hydrogen and natural gas are critical components in the global transition towards clean fuels. The technology associated with this transition is a major catalyst for driving change and delivering the sustainability outcomes that are required to...

Latest in Defining Cryogenics

Joule-Thomson Effect

The Joule-Thomson (JT) effect is a thermodynamic process that occurs when a fluid expands from high pressure to low pressure at constant enthalpy (an isenthalpic process). Such a process can be approximated in the real world by expanding a fluid from high pressure to low pressure across a valve. Under...

Current Leads

One of the challenges of using superconducting magnets is the connection of the magnet to a room temperature power supply. This is accomplished via current leads. The trick is that current leads should ideally have a low heat leak, since they connect room temperature to cryogenic temperature, while at the...

Multilayer Insulation

Multilayer insulation (also referred to as superinsulation) is a key component in the reduction of heat leak to cryogenic systems due to thermal radiation. MLI consists of a series of uncooled reflective surfaces placed in the vacuum space between two surfaces, one warmer than the other. Generally speaking, for ideal...

Latest in Cryo Central

Cryogenic Electronics

Randall Kirschman, consulting physicist, Mountain View, California ExtElect@gmail.com Cryogenic electronics—the operation of electronic devices, circuits, and systems at cryogenic temperatures—has been a valuable technology for decades. Cryogenic electronics (also referred to as low-temperature electronics, or cold electronics) can be based on semiconductive devices, on superconductive devices, or on a combination...

Particle Physics: High Energy Physics

Cryogenics and High-Energy Physics 1. From symmetry magazine: http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/cms/?pid=1000627: Cryogenics is the study of how materials behave at temperatures near absolute zero. In high-energy particle accelerators, such frigid temperatures reduce the electrical resistance of wires in superconducting magnets, increasing the magnet strength and allowing faster particle acceleration. The same holds...

HTS Degaussing Systems

From the Spring 2009 issue of Cold Facts (Volume 25, Number 2): Thanks to a joint project by the US Navy and a number of industry partners, high temperature superconducting (HTS) technology is now at the heart of an advanced degaussing system aboard the USS Higgins at the naval station...

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

From http://www.superconductors.org: An area where superconductors can perform a life-saving function is in the field of biomagnetism. Doctors need a non-invasive means of determining what’s going on inside the human body. By impinging a strong superconductor-derived magnetic field into the body, hydrogen atoms that exist in the body’s water and...

Latest in Ask the Experts

An Issue of Pressure and Flow Rate in a Supply Tank

Please help solve this problem: A supply tank requires a vaporizer to generate sufficient pressure to pump stored fluid up into a vehicle or tank. The available head is limited as the tank level falls and it is important to minimize the system pressure drop to maintain the desired flow...

Using MLI on VJ Line Joints or Cryo Storage Tanks

When installing Multi Layer Insulation (MLI) blankets on VJ line joints or cryo storage tanks should they be wrapped and tied down tight or loose? These are usually pre-cut to size. Also should they have an access hole at the point of where the molecular sieve is installed to help...

Separated layers of ice over a pipe

I want to know that why there are different layers of ice over a pipe carrying a cryogenic fluid, each layer separated with clear marks / lines? What do these layers signify?

Using nitrogen as a cryogen

Is it possible to achieve -200˚C using nitrogen as a cryogen?

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